2016年南京航空航天大学620基础英语考研真题

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2016年南京航空航天大学620基础英语考研真题

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南京航空航天大学
2016 年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题（ A 卷 ）
科目代码: 620
科目名称: 基础英语 满分: 150 分
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I. Vocabulary (20 points)
A. Choose the word or phrase marked A, B, C, and D to best correspond to the word above. Be sure to write
down your choice on the answer sheet. (10 points)
1. insensate
a) without the power to see b) without the power to hear
c) without the power to feel d) without the power to read
2. incongruous
a) lacking passion b) lacking peace
c) lacking empathy d) lacking harmony
3. unequivocal
a) vocal b) clear
c) ambiguous d) equal
4. myopic
a) short-sighted b) far-sighted
c) long- sighted d) clear-sighted
5. forlorn
a) wretched b) forbidding
c) departing d) merry
6. nocturnal
a) of the morning b) of the music
c) of the sun d) of the night

7. archaic
a) innovative b) antiquated
c) arctic d) connected with water
8. languor
a) vigorous b) abnormal
c) lethargy d) tedious
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9. incorrigible
a) cannot be corrected b) cannot be recognized
c) cannot be elected d) cannot be eliminated

10. potentate
a) imbecile b) ruler
c) submission d) barbarian
B. Directions: Explain the italicized words in the following sentences with simple, everyday words or
expressions in English. Be sure to write down your explanation on the answer sheet. (10 points)
1. By Tuesday, Charlie’s back had improved, and he pitched in with Seebees in the worst volunteer work of
all.
2. What about the bomb and the misery and humanity's most heinous crime.
3. They think they got their little secret tucked away, and so they have—except like now.
4. Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasures, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.
5. There are things in nature that engender an awful quiet in the heart of man, Devil’s Tower is one of them.
6. Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills, from coal mines and rice paddies, form billions
of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland…
7. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation was on wings.
8. …we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen
its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.
9. Don’t you want to be in the swim?
10. In the same way, avenues of high-rise luxury in New York are never far from poverty and mean streets.
II. Cloze (20 points)
A. Fill in each of the following blanks with a suitable word in its proper form and write down the required
word on the answer sheet. (10 points)
Americans haven’t given up on marriage as a cherished ideal. Indeed, most Americans continue to prize
and value marriage 1 an important life goal, and the vast 2 of us will marry at least once in a
lifetime. By the mid-thirties, a majority of Americans have married at least once.
Most couples enter marriage with a strong 3 and determination for a lifelong, 4 partnership.
Moreover, this desire may be 5 among the young. Since the 1980s, the percentage of young Americans
who say 6 having a good marriage is extremely important to them as a life goal has increased slightly.
But when men and women 7 today, they are entering a union that looks very different from the 8
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that their parents or grandparents entered.
As a couple’s relationship, marriages are more likely to be broken by divorce 9 by death. And
although one might expect that greater freedom to leave an unhappy marriage might increase the 10 that
intact marriages would be very happy, this does not 11 to be the case. Marriages are less 12 today
than in past decades.
As an 13 stage in the life course, marriage is shrinking. Americans are living longer, marrying later,
exiting marriage 14 quickly, and choosing to live together before marriage, after marriage, in-between
marriages, and as an alternative 15 marriage. A small but growing percentage of American adults will
never marry. As a 16 , marriage is surrounded by longer periods of 17 or unpartnered singlehood
over the course of a lifetime.
Among young women, social confidence in marriage is wavering. Until very recently, young women were
highly optimistic about their chances for 18 happiness and success. Now, according to youth surveys,
their 19 in their ability to achieve successful marriage is 20 . Moreover, they are notably more
accepting of alternatives to marriage, such as unwed parenthood and cohabitation.
B. Fill in each blank with a proper word from the following box. Change its form if necessary and write down
the required word on the answer sheet. (10 points)   
Why does the idea of progress 1 so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a 2 kind
is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more 3 . Although mankind has 4 no
general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made 5 progress in the accumulation of knowledge.
Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by
means of 6 . With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not
only communicated but also 7 . Libraries made education possible, and education in its 8 added to
libraries: the growth of knowledge 9 a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly 10 by the
invention of printing. All this was 11 slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly
12 . Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a 13 plan. The trickle became a stream; the
stream has now become a 14 . Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is 15 , it is now turned to
practical account. What is called “modern civilization” is not the result of a 16 development of all man’s
acquire, apply, balance, comparatively, enhance, extraordinary, face, follow, indifferently,
loom, manifest, particular, raise, speech, store, systematic, torrent, turn, two‐edged,
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nature, but of accumulated knowledge 17 to practical life. The problem now 18 humanity is: What
is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a 19 weapon which
can be used equally for good and evil. It is now being used 20 for both.
III. Error correction (20 points)
Directions: There are twenty mistakes in the following passage. You are required to underline or mark the
mistakes and get them corrected. Be sure to write down the correct form on the answer sheet.   
Example: “Wordsworth is said to have ∨ most fascinating voice!”        the         
In many countries, when people give them name, they refer to themselves 1.
using their last name or family name. In the United States, therefore, people 2.
generally refer to themselves using their first name; some people even take 3.
“nickname” what can be related to their first name or some event in their life. 4.
On the first day of class, if a professor introduces himself, he would tell 5.
you how he’d like to be addressed. Americans pride themselves in their 6.
individuality and independence. They express the individuality in such many 7.
ways, clothing and decorating styles including. American college students are 8.
learning to live like independent adults, and they will make decisions about 9.
their living style, classes, and personal life independent on their parents and 10.
family.
Americans will speak bluntly, discussing topics in the public. So frankly 11.
they speak that people from other cultures may find the topics embarrassing 12.
and controversial. College campuses are a place that many ideas are discussed 13.
freely, and you may hear things that make you embarrassing or offend you. It is 14
important to know you can tell someone with whose you do not wish to discuss 15.
a subject that make you uncomfortable. Men and women in the United States 16.
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often form friendships that have no romantic involvement. These friends will
spend time together, go to the movies, and go out to dinner lonely or in group. 17.
If the American of the opposite sex invites you to a party or to dinner, it 18.
does not necessarily indicate romantic interest. It is common for people living
far away to home to experience culture shock, but this doesn’t have to spoil 19.
the experience. If you find yourself feel homesick, call a friend at home or go to 20.
your school’s international student office to speak with an advisor.
IV. Paraphrase （30 points）
Directions: Restate the following sentences in another form in English to clarify the meaning. Be sure to write
down your restatement on the answer sheet.
1. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people.
2. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed.
3. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef.
4. Let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness.
5. The house detective’s piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face.
6. Every artist thought he owed it to himself to turn his back on the Eiffel Tower, as a protest against the
architectural blasphemy.
7. She looked a mess, to tell you the truth, a real slattern, dressed any old how.
8. A pay check is not enough to base one’s self-respect on.
9. All weight is lifted from my body; I’m one with the night.
10. It is easier to cut across social and occupational lines in Europe than it is in America.
V. General Knowledge (20 points)
a. Directions: Choose the best to fill in the blank or answer the question.(10 points)
     1. ____ were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
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A. The Normans B. The Romans C. The Vikings D. The Anglo-Saxons
2. The study of language as a whole is called ___.
A. Synchronic linguistics B. Diachronic linguistics
C. General linguistics D. Macrolinguistics
3. Which of the following is NOT true of corpus?
A. Chomsky validated the corpus as a source of evidence in linguistic enquiry.
B. Quirk planned and executed the construction of his ambitious Surveys of English Usage.
C. If corpora are said to be unannotated, they appear in their existing raw state of plain texts.
D. Corpus enables linguists to make objective statements.
4. “Avoid obscurity of expression” belongs to the maxim of _____.
A. quality B. relation C. manner D. quantity
5. ____ refers to the way of word-formation by combining the initial letters of a composite name.
They can not be pronounced into one word.
A. Initialism B. Acronymy C. Invention D. Blending
6. It was his____________ that established Washington Irving as “the father of American literature.”
A. childhood recollections B. sketches about his European tours
C. early poetry D. tales about America
7. Emily Brontë wrote only one novel entitled ______.
A. Jane Eyre B. Agnes Grey C. Wuthering Heights D. Emma

8. Prometheus Unbound is a famous lyrical drama by _________.
A. William Wordsworth B. George Gordon Lord Byron C. Percy Bysshe Shelley D. John Keats

9. _________ (1915-2005), the winner of Nobel Prize for literature in 1976, was an American Jewish
writer whose representative works included The Adventures of Augie March, Seize the Day, etc.
A. Saul Bellow B. Philip Roth C. Toni Morrison D. Thomas Pynchon
10. Which of the following works is NOT written by Charles Dickens?
A. The Pickwick Papers B. A Christmas Carol
C. Oliver Twist D. The French Revolution
b. Directions: Candidates are FREE to choose any FIVE from the following TEN terms and explain them in
plain English on the answer sheet. (10 points)
1. duality
2. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
3. coarticulation
4. converse antonymy
5. metaphor
6. narrator
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7. onomatopoeia
8. comedy
9. allegory
10. meter
VI. Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers
marked［A］［, B］［, C］or［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.
Be sure to write down your choice on the answer sheet.
Passage A   
Along with plans to put a man on the moon and develop its own aircraft carrier, China's sky-high ambition
now includes building its own Made-in-China jumbo jet, to one day compete with Boeing and Airbus for a
share of the lucrative commercial aviation marketplace.
The project, still in the early development stages, calls for the first Chinese jumbo jet, dubbed the C919, to
make its maiden flight in 2014, with the first commercial delivery two years after that. The jet is being
produced by the Shanghai-based Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC), which is
manufacturing smaller regional jets due to hit the market next year.
China's reasons for wanting to enter the large jet market are clear; Chinese airlines are set to buy more than
2,000 big jets by 2025, making it one of the world's largest markets. Asia's airlines in total are expected to place
orders for about 10,000 jets in that same period. But China's move into the large jet business represents a bold
leap -- some say too bold -- with any chance of a payoff many years off. The technology is rapidly evolving,
Boeing and Airbus have long-established track records and safety-minded consumers may be wary to switch to
a jet made in China. "I tend to be a little bit skeptical that this can happen a decade or decades away," said
Nicholas R. Lardy, a China expert with the Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Still, Chinese officials think that they have found a niche to compete with aviation's two big players. The
C919 will be a single-aisle jet with 150 to 190 seats, while the other plane makers are concentrating on
wide-body jumbo jets. Their jet will be cheaper, they say, and also more environmentally friendly. Premier
Wen Jiabao laid out China's jet vision in a May speech titled "Let The Large Aircraft of China Fly in the Blue
Sky." He said, "We must succeed in doing this, and the dream of many generations will come true." China's
start-up work is well underway. In April, just before Wen's speech, COMAC recruited 200 graduates from the
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, boosting the firm's workforce to 5,000; the plan is for a
workforce of 20,000.
After 90 months of research and production, the first prototype of domestically built C919 airliner rolled
off the assembly line on Nov 2, 2015. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) also
contributed to China’s first large passenger aircraft. Since 2008, NUAA has conducted over 140 projects for the
Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC). A number of technical innovations were applied to the
research and development of C919. The latest news is that C919 will use the "superfine aircraft-grade glass
wool" material invented by NUAA.
The research team led by Chen Zhaofeng, a professor at the School of Material Science and Technology of
NUAA, spent four years and made ten technological breakthroughs and finally managed to develop the
material. Such aircraft-grade glass wool will be posted in the cabin for sound insulation and thermal insulation.
The sound insulation will help reduce the noise and excellent thermal insulation can reduce energy consumption
and fuel consumption and improve aircraft’s economic performance and international competitiveness.
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And last month, a car-size mockup of the C919 was on display at the Hong Kong air show, putting China's
aviation ambition on full display in a prominent position next to Boeing and Airbus at Asia's largest and most
prestigious aviation exhibition. Even the jet's name seems to signal China's intention to force its way into the
top ranks. Wu Guanghi, the jumbo jet's chief designer, told the Xinhua New Agency that the "C" in C919 is the
first letter of China. But it will also form an ABC pattern with A for Airbus, B for Boeing, and C for COMAC.
In some ways, Chinese officials hope the jumbo jet project will follow the path of appliances, electronics
and automobiles. First, foreign companies came here to assemble their products. Then the Chinese learned the
technology and began producing their own versions. And now cheaper Chinese brands are competing with their
foreign counterparts, largely for domestic consumers and increasingly around the world.
"It took about 10 years for people to accept 'Made in China' household appliances,'' said one senior
COMAC official, who explained the strategy but spoke on the condition of anonymity because he was not
authorized to speak to the news media. "It took about 20 years for acceptance of vehicles made in China. Right
now, almost all the vehicle brands have factories in China." He added, "compared to cars and appliances,
people have high safety expectations" for jets. "I think 30 years will be enough for people to accept 'Made in
China' aircraft."
For the moment, Boeing and Airbus are not openly expressing worries about the new entry to the market,
since the first C919 is still years away. "It took Airbus more than 25 years to be a real challenger in the
marketplace, and we started in '70," said Jean-Luc Charles, the general manager of a new Airbus factory in the
Chinese city of Tianjin, a landmark in China's effort to gain status as an aircraft manufacturer. "It takes a long
time in this industry. It takes credibility in the marketplace. . . . This is the challenge for countries like China,
even if they plan to build their own airplane." The COMAC senior official agreed. "COMAC right now is only
the little brother to Boeing and Airbus," he said. "We won't threaten Boeing and Airbus because the production
capacity isn't enough. In the next 10 to 20 years, Boeing and Airbus will dominate the Chinese market." He
added, "We just hope we can offer more choices to the market."
1. Which of the following statements about Chinese jumbo jet is incorrect?
A. The invention of jumbo jet is an essential part of Chinese dream.
B. China’s intension to produce jet market mainly lies in satisfying the increasing requirement of the
market both at home and abroad.
C. The competitiveness of Chinese jet mainly lies in its low price and its environmental friendliness.
D. Boeing and Airbus do not express their worries overtly about Chinese C919’s entry to the market, since
the first plane is still years away.
2. What is NOT the contribution of NUAA to the research of C919?
A. NUAA offered quality graduates for the company that focuses on the research of C919.
B. NUAA conducted projects for the COMAC which realizes many technical innovations that are applied
to development of C919.
C. The professor in NUAA invented the "superfine aircraft-grade glass wool" material which was widely
used in C919.
D. NUAA’s most important contribution lies in the quality engine of C919, which is a terrific
breakthrough.
3. What is the ideal development path of the big plane for China?
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A. The complete self-made and self-invented appliances because technological innovation symbolizes the
vigor and vitality of one country.
B. It will develop step by step imitating the way of electronics and small commodities.
C. Introduce first, then learn the technology and finally realize innovation.
D. Create cheaper Chinese brands that are competing with both domestic consumers and around the world.
4. The growth of aircraft industry in China ____
A. is the necessity of China’s becoming a more prominent and influential country in the world.
B. challenges and even threatens the status quo of market distribution of Boeing and Airbus.
C. symbolizes that China has become one of the most popular aircraft markets all over the world.
D. does not mean the dominating Boeing and Airbus in Chinese market will be threatened or even replaced
in a short time.
5. Why do people need 30 years to accept “Made-in-China aircraft”?
A. because in the next one or two decades, Boeing and Airbus will dominate the Chinese market.
B. because the establishment of trustworthiness and credibility involves a long time.
C. because the maturity of the manufacturing big aircraft needs 30 more years.
D. because commodities Made in China are infamous for their low quality.
Passage B
Six doctors swarmed around the body of the deceased organ donor and quickly started to operate. The
kidneys came out first. Then the team began another delicate dissection, to remove an organ that is rarely, if
ever, taken from a donor. Ninety minutes later they had it, resting in the palm of a surgeon’s hand: the uterus.
Within the next few months, surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic expect to become the first in the United States to
transplant a uterus into a woman who lacks one, so that she can become pregnant and give birth. The recipients
will be women who were born without a uterus, had it removed or have uterine damage. The transplants will be
temporary: The uterus would be removed after the recipient has had one or two babies, so she can stop taking
transplant anti-rejection drugs.
Uterine transplantation is a new frontier, one that pairs specialists from two fields known for innovation
and for pushing limits, medically and ethically — reproductive medicine and transplant surgery. If the
procedure works, many women could benefit. But there are potential dangers. The recipients, healthy women,
will face the risks of surgery and anti-rejection drugs for a transplant that they, unlike someone with heart or
liver failure, do not need to save their lives. Their pregnancies will be considered high-risk, with fetuses
exposed to anti-rejection drugs and developing inside a womb taken from a dead woman.
Dr. Andreas G. Tzakis, the driving force behind the project, said, “There are women who won’t adopt or
have surrogates, for reasons that are personal, cultural or religious.” Dr. Tzakis is the director of solid organ
transplant surgery at a Cleveland Clinic hospital in Weston, Fla. “These women know exactly what this is
about,” he said. “They’re informed of the risks and benefits. They have a lot of time to think about it, and think
about it again. Our job is to make it as safe and successful as possible.”
Dr. Tzakis said the anti-rejection drugs were safe, noting that thousands of women with donor kidneys or
livers, who must continue taking anti-rejection drugs during pregnancy, had given birth to healthy babies.
Those women are more likely than others to have pre-eclampsia, a complication of pregnancy involving high
blood pressure, and their babies tend to be smaller. But it is not known whether those problems are caused by
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the drugs, or by the underlying illnesses that led to the transplants. Because the women receiving uterine
transplants would be healthy, Dr. Tzakis said, he was optimistic that complication rates would be very low.
A medical ethicist not connected with the research, Jeffrey Kahn, of Johns Hopkins University, said the
procedure did not set off any alarms with him. “We’re doing lots of things to help people have babies in ways
that were never done before,” Dr. Kahn said. “It falls into that spectrum.” Dr. Eric Kodish, the director of the
clinic’s ethics center, said that when organ transplantation started more than 50 years ago, the goal was purely
to save lives, but has broadened to include improving quality of life, with for example, face and hand
transplants. Dr. Tzakis, 65, said he had performed 4,000 to 5,000 transplants of kidneys, livers and other
abdominal organs. To prepare for the uterine surgery, he spent time with the Swedish team, practicing in
miniature swine and baboons and observing all nine of the human transplants in the operating room. He
described transplantation as ethically superior to surrogacy. “You create a class of people who rent their uterus,
rent their body, for reproduction,” he said of surrogacy. “It has some gravity. It possibly exploits poor women.”
The Swedish team used live donors, and showed that a uterus from a woman past menopause, transplanted into
a young recipient, can still carry a pregnancy. In five cases, the donor was the recipient’s mother, which raised
the dizzying possibility of a woman giving birth from the same womb that produced her.
For a prospective recipient of a uterus, the process is long and complicated. To be eligible, candidates must
be in a stable relationship, because they will need help and support. They must also have ovaries. The initial
phase includes screening for psychological disorders or relationship problems that could interfere with a
candidate’s ability to cope with a transplant and be part of a study. Candidates are also interviewed to make
sure that they are not being pressured to have the transplant. Doctors use similar criteria for people receiving
other types of organ transplants because the process is arduous, and patients with a strong social support system
seem to fare better. Finances matter, too, because during parts of the study, recipients will have to live in
Cleveland, and those from out of town will have to pay for their food and lodging.
6. According to the essay, uterine transplantation _______.
A. is extremely dangerous since uterine damage might be very severe.
B. is beneficial to the recipient since she will have the opportunity to give birth.
C. will cause some damage to the recipient’s kidney temporarily.
D. will stay within the recipient permanently.
7. Which of the following statements about the anti-rejection drugs is NOT correct?
A. Its side effects are not clearly defined.
B. It will surely cause unnecessary insurmountable troubles for the pregnant women.
C. It will lead to pre-eclampsia, and the pregnant women might in exposure to dangers.
D. It is safe, a conclusion drawn by Dr. Andreas G. Tzakis from his rich experiences of uterine
transplantation.
8. Uterine transplantation is sometimes controversial ethically. Which one of the following facts is NOT
the potential cause leading to ethical problems?
A. The mother and the daughter might give birth from the same womb at the same time.
B. Uterine transplantation may be unjust for some poor women since they are essentially exploited when
lending their uterus.
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C. A uterus from a woman past menopause can still function when it is transplanted to a young woman.
D. Uterine transplantation might create a group of people who rent uterus for reproduction.
9. What kind of people will have the better chance to receive uterine transplantation?
A. Those women who have stable relationship which guarantees help and support when necessary.
B. Those women who accepts surrogacy in order to enhance their living standard financially.
C. Those women who can afford the expenditure of operation, recovery and psychological curing.
D. Those women who would like to give uterus to others in need when successfully giving birth to a child.
10. The anti-rejection drugs for uterine transplantation _____.
A. should be taken before the recipients’ operation.
B. is not indispensible because of the recipients’ different physical conditions.
C. should be taken by the recipients for a long time even the uterus is removed.
D. is a must for all the recipients.
Passage C
The air explodes with the sound of high-powered rifles and the startled infant watches his family fall to the
ground, the image seared into his memory. He and other orphans are then transported to distant locales to start
new lives. Ten years later, the teenaged orphans begin a killing rampage, leaving more than a hundred victims.
A scene describing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Kosovo or Rwanda? The similarities are
striking – but here, the teenagers are young elephants and the victims, rhinoceroses. In the past, animal studies
have been used to make inferences about human behavior. Now studies of human PTSD can be instructive in
understanding how violence also affects elephant culture.
Psychobiological trauma in humans is increasingly encountered as a legacy of war and socio-ecological
disruptions. Trauma affects society directly through an individual’s experience, and indirectly through social
transmission and the collapse of traditional social structures. Long-term studies show that although many
individuals survive, they may face a lifelong struggle with depression, suicide or behavioural dysfunctions. In
addition, their children and families can exhibit similar symptoms, including domestic violence. Trauma can
define a culture.
How PTSD manifests has long been a puzzle, but researchers today have a better idea as to why the effects
of violence persist so long after the event. Studies on animals and human genocide survivors indicate that
trauma early in life has lasting psychophysiological effects on brain and behavior.
Under normal conditions, early mother-infant interactions facilitate the development of self-regulatory
structures located in the corticolimbic region of the brain’s right hemisphere. But with trauma, an enduring
right-brain dysfunction can develop, creating a vulnerability to PTSD and a predisposition to violence in
adulthood. Profound disruptions to the attachment bonding process, such as maternal separation, deprivation or
trauma, can upset psychobiological and neurochemical regulation in the developing brain, leading to abnormal
neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and neurochemical differentiation. The absence of compensatory social
structures, such as older generations, can also impede recovery.
Elephant society in Africa has been decimated by mass deaths and social breakdown from poaching, culls
and habitat loss. From an estimated ten million elephants in the early 1900s, there are only half a million left
today. Wild elephants are displaying symptoms associated with human PTSD: abnormal startle response,
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depression, unpredictable asocial behavior and hyperaggression.
Elephants are renowned for their close relationships. Young elephants are reared in a matriarchal society,
embedded in complex layers of extended family. Culls and illegal poaching have fragmented these patterns of
social attachment by eliminating the supportive stratum of the matriarch and older female caretakers.
Calves witnessing culls and those raised by young, inexperienced mothers are high-risk candidates for later
disorders, including an inability to regulate stress-reactive aggressive states. Even the fetuses of young pregnant
females can be affected by pre-natal stress during culls. The rhinoceros-killing males may have been
particularly vulnerable to the effects of pre-and postnatal stress for two reasons. Studies on a variety of species
indicated that male mammalian brains develop at a slower rate relative to females, but also that elephant males
require a second distinct phase of socialization.
Elephant hyperaggression is not an isolated event. At another heavily affected African park, intraspecific
mortality among male elephants accounts for nearly 90% of all male deaths, compared with 6% in relatively
unstressed communities. Elsewhere, including Asia, there are reports of poor mothering skills, infant rejection,
increased problem animals and elevated stress-hormone levels.
Neuroscience has demonstrated that all mammals share a ubiquitous developmental attachment mechanism
and a common stress-regulating neurophysiology. Now, a wealth of human-animal studies and the experience
of human victims of violence are available to help elephants and other species survive.
11. According to the essay, elephant hyperaggression _____.
A. has both strength and weakness.
B. happens when the elephant suffers from extreme hunger.
C. indicates that the elephant might suffer from psychological trauma.
D. indicates that the elephant is pregnant and it needs the help of the workers.
12. Which of the following statements about post-traumatic stress disorder that elephants suffer from is
NOT true?
A. Just like human beings, elephants can also suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder.
B. Trauma early in life has lasting psychophysiological effects on brain and behavior of both elephants and
human beings.
C. Studies of human post-traumatic stress disorder can be instructive in understanding how violence also
affects elephant.
D. The death of Matriarch and the loss of habitat are main events that cause post-traumatic stress disorder
among elephants.
13. Which one of the following statements about elephants is NOT correct?
A. Elephants live in extended family.
B. Elephants have their own society and their own culture.
C. Elephants grow up in a matriarchal society and matriarch is the head of the group.
D. Elephants will leave their family to form a new one when they are 30 years old.
14. Which one is NOT the symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder of elephants?
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A. depression and introverted B. capricious behavior
C. strangely shocked response D. aggressiveness
15. According to the essay, why do the effects of violence that might cause the breaking bond between the
mother and the infant persist so long after the event?
A. Early mother-infant interactions are of great importance for the development of the organ in charge of
emotions.
B. Divorce, deprivation or trauma, can upset psychobiological and neurochemical regulation in the
developing brain.
C. Abnormal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and neurochemical differentiation are difficult to overcome.
D. Psychobiological and neurochemical regulation is beyond people’s control which results in bad results.
16. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in the last paragraph possibly mean?
A. commonplace B. universal C. omnipotent D. indescribable
Passage D
In Pakistan, headline-grabbing terrorism cases usually involve Islamist militant accused of plotting suicide
bombings, assassinations or attacks on government or military installations. But now Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism
Act is being used against a pilot accused of being drunk while trying to land a passenger jet.
Last week, a jet operated by a private Pakistani airline, Shaheen Air, skidded off the runway while landing
in the eastern Pakistan city of Lahore. About 120 passengers were on board as the plane lumbered into a grassy
field, blowing a tire but stopping about 1,000 feet from certain disaster. Ten passengers were slightly injured in
the crash, which raised further questions about the safety of Pakistan’s aging fleet of private and state-owned
domestic airlines.
Over the weekend, a government investigation into the accident concluded the pilot, Asmat Mehmood,
was “drunk” at the time of the crash. According to Pakistan’s Civil Aviation Authority, Mehmood had a blood
alcohol level of .08. Since 1977, alcohol has been banned in Pakistan. CAA regulations state that “no alcohol
level is acceptable in the blood” of pilots, cockpit or cabin crews or passengers in Pakistan. In the United States,
the CAA noted in a statement, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations prohibits pilots from
flying if their blood alcohol level exceeds .04.
Mehmood’s family and some of his colleagues deny he had been drinking. Instead, they describe him as
hero who managed to save 120 passengers on a plane that had to make a crash-landing because it was
“overweight,” according to Pakistan’s Dawn newspaper.
One captain told Dawn that the same plane experienced four other weight-related mishaps over the past
three years.
Based on my travels in Pakistan, Mehmood's apparent defense is somewhat believable. Earlier this
summer, I was on a Pakistani International Airlines (PIA) flight that was oversold. Instead of pushing off extra
passengers onto another flight, the flight crew allowed one random passenger to crouch on the floor in the
cockpit – for a flight over some of the world’s tallest mountains. Domestic airlines in Pakistan also seem far
less strict in enforcing restrictions on weight limits for luggage.
But there is also past precedent for a Pakistani pilot being drunk in the cockpit, despite the country’s
conservative reputation.
In 2013, authorities in the United Kingdom arrested a PIA pilot and jailed him for nine months after he
smelled of alcohol while preparing to fly about 150 passengers from Leeds-Bradford airport to Islamabad. The
pilot reportedly had a blood alcohol limit of four times the legal limit for a pilot in the United Kingdom.
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Whatever the truth is in this case, Pakistani police are taking the matter seriously. Over the weekend, 12 to 15
men scaled the wall in front of Mehmood’s house in Karachi and detained him, Dawn reported.
According to The Express Tribune, the men did not identify themselves, causing Mehmood’s family to
report the matter as an “abduction.” They “started beating him before they dragged him outside,” Mehmood’s
wife told the newspaper.
Police in Pakistan’s Punjab province, which includes Lahore, later admitted Mehmood has been detained
under Pakistan’s counterterrorism ordinance. “He has been booked under ATA on the complaint of the Civil
Aviation Authority,” said Haider Ashraf, a senior police official from Lahore. “The CAA says his act nearly
caused death to ... passengers.”
Among other things, Pakistan’s counter-terrorism act covers any crime that is “likely to cause death or
endangers a person’s life.” Mehmood could face up to 14 years in jail if he is ultimately charged and convicted
for a terrorism-related offense that didn't result in anyone being killed.
In the meantime, Pakistani aviation authorities have sent fresh notices to Pakistani airlines reminding
flight crews: Don’t drink and fly.
17. Which one of the following statements about Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Act is correct?
A. Pakistan’s referred to Britain to make the Act.
B. Asmat Mehmood will be imprisoned for life if his terrorism-offence behavior is convinced.
C. It includes any crime that might threaten the life or the safety of the plane.
D. It is not so reasonable and there is still a long way to go to improve it.
18. According to the text, which one of the following statements about alcohol and drinking in the plane
is true?
A. Any passenger is prohibited to drink considering the factors of safety and religions.
B. The pilot will be accused of being a terrorist if drunk while landing a passenger plane.
C. Only the pilot will be punished once the pilot and some of the passengers are accused of being drunk.
D. Only the pilot will be punished once the pilot and some of the crew are accused of being drunk while
landing.
19. What might be the truth of the plane accident about Shaheen Air, skidding off the runway while
landing?
A. because that the pilot Asmat Mehmood was seriously drunk while landing.
B. Mehmood’s family and some of his colleagues think of Asmat Mehmood as a “savior”.
C. The truth of the plane crash is not clearly stated in the article.
D. It is because loose regulations on tickets and luggage that lead to the accident.
20. After the plane accident happened, ____.
A. Mehmood has been put into jail immediately.
B. Mehmood is kidnapped about some unnamed terrorists.
C. Mehmood is detained by policemen under Pakistan’s antiterrorism ordinance.
D. A group of mob besieged Mehmood’s house, beat him and then finally took him away. 

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2016年南京航空航天大学620基础英语考研真题